How to call C functions from OCaml
This document is a small tutorial that introduces how to call
C functions from OCaml using its C API.
This is usefull if you want to make a mixed C and OCaml application,
if you want to call some functions you need from a C library,
or to write a complete binding to a C library.
Compiling a C/OCaml library
Mixing C and OCaml
Compile C with OCaml
OCaml bindings to C library
OCaml's C API
Contents
Hello World
The two files "hello.ml" and "hello_stubs.c":
external print_hello: unit -> unit = "caml_print_hello"
let () =
print_hello ()
#include <stdio.h>
#include <caml/mlvalues.h>
CAMLprim value
caml_print_hello(value unit)
{
printf("Hello\n");
return Val_unit;
}
Compile and run:
$ ocamlopt -o hello.opt hello.ml hello_stubs.c
$ ./hello.opt
Hello
Quick start
Let's start with the simpler case one can find,
calling a C function with an integer parameter.
This is achieved in an .ml file by this line:
external send_an_int: int -> unit = "get_an_int"
The external keyword tells the compiler that the function comes
from outside the OCaml world. The compiler needs the function
name which will be seen from the OCaml area, its type, and the name
of the C function which will be called.
In the C source file, define a C function whose name is that
given in the OCaml side between quotes. This function must have return type
CAMLprim value and its parameter type has to be value.
All parameters given to C functions from OCaml are of type value.
The include header <caml/mlvalues.h> provides conversion
macros to convert the type value to C native types.
In this case to convert to a C integer, that macro is Int_val().
Then as the return value of the OCaml function is unit, the C
function have to return a unit, which is done with the macro Val_unit.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <caml/mlvalues.h>
CAMLprim value
get_an_int( value v )
{
int i;
i = Int_val(v);
printf("%d\n", i);
return Val_unit;
}
Of course, think to include the C headers you need, the standard library
or other libraries.
Compiling C and OCaml together
Then to compile these two files together, here are the command lines
you will need:
ocamlc -i funs.ml > funs.mli
ocamlc -c funs.mli
ocamlc -c funs.ml
ocamlc -c wrap.c
ocamlmklib -o wrap_stubs wrap.o
ocamlc -a -custom -o funs.cma funs.cmo -dllib dllwrap_stubs.so
But it will be more handy with a basic Makefile:
wrap.o: wrap.c
ocamlc -c $<
dllwrap_stubs.so: wrap.o
ocamlmklib -o wrap_stubs $<
funs.mli: funs.ml
ocamlc -i $< > $@
funs.cmi: funs.mli
ocamlc -c $<
funs.cmo: funs.ml funs.cmi
ocamlc -c $<
funs.cma: funs.cmo dllwrap_stubs.so
ocamlc -a -o $@ $< -dllib -lwrap_stubs
funs.cmx: funs.ml funs.cmi
ocamlopt -c $<
funs.cmxa: funs.cmx dllwrap_stubs.so
ocamlopt -a -o $@ $< -cclib -lwrap_stubs
clean:
rm -f *.[oa] *.so *.cm[ixoa] *.cmxa
And if you use a library in the file wrap.c, you need to add some
extra compilation instructions to link against the library,
which is described in
another paragraph below.
the section Linking against a library.
Just a detail about the command ocamlc -c wrap.c,
you can replace this line by one of the line below for cases when
you wish to give extra arguments to gcc:
ocamlc -c -cc "gcc -o wrap.o" wrap.c
gcc -c -I"`ocamlc -where`" wrap.c
Also I would recommand trying to replace the command
ocamlc -c wrap.c by ocamlc -verbose -c wrap.c
so that the ocamlc compiler will print out all the internal commands
that it will proceed.
Then you can test the result opening the .cma file in the top-level:
% ocaml funs.cma
# open Funs;;
# send_an_int 9 ;;
9
- : unit = ()
Or at your option from a test script:
#load "funs.cma" ;;
open Funs ;;
let () =
send_an_int 5;
;;
You also have the option, if you just want to build a C-OCaml mixed application
without to build an intermediate .cma / .cmxa binding, to directly compile the
objects together:
make wrap.o
make funs.cmx
ocamlopt wrap.o funs.cmx -o myapp
./myapp
OK, Now if everything works, let's see how to convert the other types.
floating point numbers, and strings:
external send_a_float: float -> unit = "get_a_float"
external send_a_string: string -> unit = "get_a_string"
CAMLprim value
get_a_float( value v )
{
float f;
f = Double_val(v);
printf("%f\n", f);
return Val_unit;
}
CAMLprim value
get_a_string( value v )
{
const char *s;
s = String_val(v);
printf("%s\n", s);
return Val_unit;
}
The Double_val() conversion macro can be used for both
C floats and C doubles.
The Bytes_val() conversion macro can be used for the
new type bytes.
Returning Basic Types
Now let's see how to return these basic types from C to OCaml.
external get_an_int: unit -> int = "send_an_int"
CAMLprim value
send_an_int( value unit )
{
int i;
i = 6;
return Val_int(i);
}
The conversion macro Val_int() is similar to the macros seen
before, it converts a C integer into an OCaml integer value.
For cases where C code uses long integers, instead of Int_val()
just use Long_val().
In the same way you can convert an OCaml boolean to a C integer with
Bool_val(), and a C integer to an OCaml boolean with
Val_bool(). For convenience there are also
macros Val_true and Val_false.
Allocated Types
It goes a bit different for floats and strings than ints, since these types
have to be allocated for OCaml, and one thing important to know in OCaml is
that when an allocation is done (a new value created), a garbage collection may
be done. If the allocation is given at the end point in the C return
statement, all is fine. But notice that in other cases which will be seen below,
additional statements have to be used.
external get_a_float: unit -> float = "send_a_float"
external get_a_string: unit -> string = "send_a_string"
#include <caml/alloc.h>
CAMLprim value
send_a_float( value unit )
{
double d;
d = 2.6;
return caml_copy_double(d);
}
CAMLprim value
send_a_string( value unit )
{
char *s = "the walking camel";
return caml_copy_string(s);
}
In more complex functions where input values are still used after a new OCaml
value is allocated, there is a risk that the input value cannot be used because
it has been garbage collected when the new OCaml value is allocated.
In such cases you have to use the macros CAMLparamN()
(where N is the number of parameters) at the beginning of the function
and at the end instead of return use CAMLreturn().
And for local allocated values, use the declaration
CAMLlocalN(). For example you could write the previous
functions "send_a_float" and "send_a_string" in this way:
CAMLprim value
send_a_float( value unit )
{
CAMLparam1(unit);
CAMLlocal1(ml_f);
double d;
d = 2.6;
ml_f = caml_copy_double(d);
CAMLreturn(ml_f);
}
CAMLprim value
send_a_string( value unit )
{
CAMLparam1(unit);
CAMLlocal1(ml_s);
char *s = "the walking camel";
ml_s = caml_copy_string(s);
CAMLreturn(ml_s);
}
When you are not sure if you need to use these macro or not, it's better to use
these to stay in peace with the garbage collector, since using these macros won't
cause problems, even if they are not needed. That's why you will see below
cases where they are used while not strictly needed. Moreover, a lot of OCaml
users recommend always using these to avoid the risk of forgetting to use them
when they are needed.
Also when using this set of macros, add this header where they are defined:
#include <caml/memory.h>
Constructed Types
Now let's see how to inspect and construct more complex structures like tuples,
arrays, lists and records.
Accessing Tuples
To access the content of an OCaml tuple, the Field() macro is
provided to access each piece of the tuple. Then each field is as usual of
type value which needs to be converted to native C types.
external inspect_tuple: int * float * string -> unit = "inspect_tuple"
CAMLprim value
inspect_tuple( value ml_tuple )
{
CAMLparam1( ml_tuple );
CAMLlocal3( vi, vf, vs );
vi = Field(ml_tuple, 0);
vf = Field(ml_tuple, 1);
vs = Field(ml_tuple, 2);
printf("%d\n", Int_val(vi));
printf("%f\n", Double_val(vf));
printf("%s\n", String_val(vs));
CAMLreturn( Val_unit );
}
You can check the result is as expected from the top-level:
# inspect_tuple (3, 2.4, "functional") ;;
3
2.400000
functional
- : unit = ()
Or the C part may have been written in a more concise way to get the same result:
CAMLprim value
inspect_tuple( value ml_tuple )
{
printf("%d\n", Int_val(Field(ml_tuple,0)));
printf("%f\n", Double_val(Field(ml_tuple,1)));
printf("%s\n", String_val(Field(ml_tuple,2)));
return Val_unit;
}
(Since there are no allocation here.)
Accessing fields of a record is exactly the same than for a tuple:
type rec_t = { a:int; b:float; c:string }
external inspect_record: rec_t -> unit = "inspect_record"
CAMLprim value
inspect_record( value ml_record )
{
printf("%d\n", Int_val(Field(ml_record, 0)));
printf("%g\n", Double_val(Field(ml_record, 1)));
printf("%s\n", String_val(Field(ml_record, 2)));
return Val_unit;
}
The index number of the fields are ordered as the fields appear in the OCaml
declaration of the record type.
# inspect_record {a=26; b=4.3; c="camelids folks" } ;;
26
4.3
camelids folks
- : unit = ()
There is though a particular case when all the fields of the record are of
type float, in this case the record is seen from C as a float array, see below
for this particular case.
Accessing Arrays
Accessing fields of arrays is very similar:
external inspect_int_array: int array -> unit = "inspect_int_array"
CAMLprim value
inspect_int_array( value ml_array )
{
CAMLparam1( ml_array );
int i, len;
len = Wosize_val(ml_array);
for (i=0; i < len; i++)
{
printf("%d\n", Int_val(Field(ml_array, i)));
}
CAMLreturn( Val_unit );
}
The only trick here is to get the number of elements in the array.
And also if the array is a float array the macros to
get the number of elements and to access the content are a bit different:
external inspect_float_array: float array -> unit = "inspect_float_array"
CAMLprim value
inspect_float_array( value ml_float_array )
{
CAMLparam1( ml_float_array );
int i, len;
len = Wosize_val(ml_float_array) / Double_wosize;
for (i=0; i < len; i++)
{
printf("%g\n", Double_field(ml_float_array, i));
}
CAMLreturn( Val_unit );
}
If you test these two functions:
# inspect_int_array [| 2; 4; 3; 1; 9 |] ;;
2
4
3
1
9
- : unit = ()
# inspect_float_array [| 2.4; 5.8; 6.9; 12.2; 32.8 |] ;;
2.4
5.8
6.9
12.2
32.8
- : unit = ()
Accessing Lists
Now here is how you can access the content of an OCaml list:
external inspect_list: string list -> unit = "inspect_list"
CAMLprim value
inspect_list( value ml_list )
{
CAMLparam1( ml_list );
CAMLlocal1( head );
while ( ml_list != Val_emptylist )
{
head = Field(ml_list, 0); /* accessing the head */
printf("%s\n", String_val(head));
ml_list = Field(ml_list, 1); /* point to the tail for next loop */
}
CAMLreturn( Val_unit );
}
Test it from the top-level:
# inspect_list ["hello"; "you"; "world"; "camelids"] ;;
hello
you
world
camelids
- : unit = ()
As you can see lists are constructed as pair of items, the first item in the
pair is the head, and the second is the tail, which can be another list or
the empty list which is written as [] on the OCaml side, and
Val_emptylist on the C side.
As an illustration of this you can test from the top-level typing these commands:
# external trans: (int * (int * (int * (int * int)))) -> int list = "%identity" ;;
external trans : int * (int * (int * (int * int))) -> int list = "%identity"
# trans (1, (2, (3, (4, 0)))) ;;
- : int list = [1; 2; 3; 4]
Here "%identity" is a built-in OCaml function which just allows to convert
a type to another, keeping its internal representation identical.
And you can also notice here that the last integer given is 0, since
as you can see reading the <caml/mlvalues.h> header that
Val_emptylist is defined as Val_int(0).
Creating Tuples and Arrays
Now let's see how to construct a tuple on the C side and returning it
to OCaml:
external create_tuple: 'a -> 'b -> 'c -> 'a * 'b * 'c = "create_tuple"
CAMLprim value
create_tuple( value a, value b, value c )
{
CAMLparam3( a, b, c );
CAMLlocal1( abc );
abc = caml_alloc(3, 0);
Store_field( abc, 0, a );
Store_field( abc, 1, b );
Store_field( abc, 2, c );
CAMLreturn( abc );
}
# create_tuple 38 'G' "www.ifrc.org" ;;
- : int * char * string = (38, 'G', "www.ifrc.org")
The first parameter of caml_alloc() is the number of fields,
and the second one indicates the tag of the value, here it is 0 because
for ordinary ocaml values like tuples there is no tags needed.
And it works the same for records, as we have seen they have the same
internal representation as tuples, except when the record contains only floats.
This also works for arrays except that you have to make sure that all
the elements of the array have the same type. All arrays can be created
this way except
float arrays that have a different internal representation.
In the same manner than the list, you can verify that records and tuples have the
same internal representation with:
# type rec_b = { i:int; c:char; s:string } ;;
type rec_b = { i : int; c : char; s : string; }
# external trans: rec_b -> int * char * string = "%identity" ;;
external trans : rec_b -> int * char * string = "%identity"
# trans { i=38; c='G'; s="www.ifrc.org" } ;;
- : int * char * string = (38, 'G', "www.ifrc.org")
# external create_rec_b: int -> char -> string -> rec_b = "create_tuple" ;;
external create_rec_b : int -> char -> string -> rec_b = "create_tuple"
# create_rec_b 38 'G' "www.ifrc.org" ;;
- : rec_b = {i = 38; c = 'G'; s = "www.ifrc.org"}
Creating Lists
At this point you should be able to find how to build an OCaml list form C.
Here is an example:
external string_explode: string -> char list = "create_list"
CAMLprim value create_list( value ml_str )
{
CAMLparam1( ml_str );
CAMLlocal2( cli, cons );
const char *str = String_val(ml_str);
int len = caml_string_length(ml_str);
int i;
cli = Val_emptylist;
for (i = len - 1; i >= 0; i--)
{
cons = caml_alloc(2, 0);
Store_field( cons, 0, Val_int(str[i]) ); // head
Store_field( cons, 1, cli ); // tail
cli = cons;
}
CAMLreturn( cli );
}
# string_explode "OCaml" ;;
- : char list = ['O'; 'C'; 'a'; 'm'; 'l']
Creating Floats arrays
And as the floats arrays are particular, they are a bit different to create
from C, notice both the length trick and the tag when allocating:
float_array = caml_alloc(length * Double_wosize, Double_array_tag);
And to store elements use Store_double_field() instead of
Store_field(), and there's no need to use the
caml_copy_double
in it.
Enums / Variants
For wrapping C enums, or for wrapping params defined as constant with
#define the method is the same.
Both can be wrapped on OCaml enumerated variants with constants constructors
without parameters. From the C site the constructors is represented as integers
ordered from 0 to (N - 1) (where N is the number of constructors in the variant
type).
So basically you can just use a switch or an array containing all
these values make match the C value.
For instance:
type moving =
| WALKING
| RUNNING
| SWIMMING
| FLYING
external send_enum: moving -> unit = "wrapping_enum_ml2c"
typedef enum _moving {
WALKING,
RUNNING,
SWIMMING,
FLYING
} moving;
CAMLprim value
wrapping_enum_ml2c( value v )
{
moving param;
switch (Int_val(v)) {
case 0: param = WALKING; break;
case 1: param = RUNNING; break;
case 2: param = SWIMMING; break;
case 3: param = FLYING; break;
}
switch (param) {
case WALKING: puts("Walking"); break;
case RUNNING: puts("Running"); break;
case SWIMMING: puts("Swimming"); break;
case FLYING: puts("Flying"); break;
}
return Val_unit;
}
Here it is very important to make match the good number in the switch
according to the place in the enumeration in the OCaml variant.
To send back an constant variant from C to OCaml, just return
Val_int()
with its corresponding index.
If there are a lots of possible values in the enumeration (or possible
constants), you can also use an array instead of a switch:
static const moving table_moving[] = {
WALKING,
RUNNING,
SWIMMING,
FLYING
};
CAMLprim value
wrapping_enum_ml2c( value v )
{
moving param;
param = table_moving[Long_val(v)];
switch (param) {
case WALKING: puts("Walking"); break;
case RUNNING: puts("Running"); break;
case SWIMMING: puts("Swimming"); break;
case FLYING: puts("Flying"); break;
}
return Val_unit;
}
Here you need to be sure not to try to access to an index in the association
table after the last one. Which could occur if you add an item on the OCaml
side, and forget to add it also in the array on the C side.
Something you could do is checking if the index requested is not greater
than the last one, and if it is raising an exception.
Convert C bit fields
Imagine you have a C bit field defined as below in your header file:
#define ShiftMask (1<<0)
#define LockMask (1<<1)
#define ControlMask (1<<2)
#define Mod1Mask (1<<3)
to get it wrapped, the most common solution is to convert it
to a variant list:
type state =
| ShiftMask
| LockMask
| ControlMask
| Mod1Mask
type state_mask = state list
As previously build a table with the C values in the same exact
order than in the OCaml variant, and iter all items of the caml list
to set the C bit field accordingly:
static const int state_mask_table[] = {
ShiftMask,
LockMask,
ControlMask,
Mod1Mask
};
static inline int
state_mask_val( value mask_list )
{
int c_mask = 0;
while ( mask_list != Val_emptylist )
{
value head = Field(mask_list, 0);
c_mask |= state_mask_table[Long_val(head)];
mask_list = Field(mask_list, 1);
}
return c_mask;
}
And to convert the C bit field to the OCaml variant list,
you need to test the bit of every field, and if it matches
push the associated OCaml value to the list:
#define Val_ShiftMask Val_int(0)
#define Val_LockMask Val_int(1)
#define Val_ControlMask Val_int(2)
#define Val_Mod1Mask Val_int(3)
static value
Val_state_mask( int c_mask )
{
CAMLparam0();
CAMLlocal2(li, cons);
li = Val_emptylist;
if (c_mask & ShiftMask) {
cons = caml_alloc(2, 0);
Store_field( cons, 0, Val_ShiftMask );
Store_field( cons, 1, li );
li = cons;
}
if (c_mask & LockMask) {
cons = caml_alloc(2, 0);
Store_field( cons, 0, Val_LockMask );
Store_field( cons, 1, li );
li = cons;
}
if (c_mask & ControlMask) {
cons = caml_alloc(2, 0);
Store_field( cons, 0, Val_ControlMask );
Store_field( cons, 1, li );
li = cons;
}
if (c_mask & Mod1Mask) {
cons = caml_alloc(2, 0);
Store_field( cons, 0, Val_Mod1Mask );
Store_field( cons, 1, li );
li = cons;
}
CAMLreturn(li);
}
Exchanging Raw Data
If you have to handle raw data, you can do so using the OCaml types
string or bytes
wherever there are array of bytes or void* in C.
On the OCaml side, strings and bytes are able to handle any character, included
the possible '\000', but if you use caml_copy_string()
to copy the raw data it will end at the first Null character, because
it is considered as the string terminator in C.
Before ocaml 4.06.0 we used to use
caml_alloc_string() and memcpy(),
but now it is recommended to use
caml_alloc_initialized_string():
#include <caml/mlvalues.h>
#include <caml/alloc.h>
#include <string.h>
CAMLprim value get_raw_data( value unit )
{
CAMLparam0();
CAMLlocal1( ml_data );
char * raw_data;
int data_len;
/*
* initialise raw_data and data_len here
*/
ml_data = caml_alloc_initialized_string(data_len, raw_data);
CAMLreturn( ml_data );
}
If the data chunk represents something like a matrix (an image for example)
you will probably prefer to use an OCaml bigarray which is a very handy
data structure for this task because it shares the same memory layout than
in C.
In your code, if the buffer raw_data is C mallocated and then
filled by some process, it is even possible to only allocate an ocaml string
and then get a pointer to the first byte of this ocaml string.
So in such cases you will save one C malloc(), one C free(), and the memcpy()
call.
CAMLprim value get_raw_data( value some_param )
{
CAMLparam1( some_param );
CAMLlocal1( ml_data );
const char * raw_data;
int data_len;
/* do initialise data_len */
ml_data = caml_alloc_string( data_len );
raw_data = String_val(ml_data);
/*
Now you can use raw_data and fill it as if it was
a buffer of type (char *) of length data_len.
(once given to ocaml it will be garbage-collected as every ocaml value)
*/
CAMLreturn( ml_data );
}
If you need to access to one byte of the buffer like this
raw_data[n],
it is also possible to make the same access directly on the ocaml value like this
Byte(ml_data, n).
(And if raw_data was of type (unsigned char *) replace
Byte() by
Byte_u().)
More than 5 parameters
There is a special case for OCaml functions that have more than 5 parameters,
in such cases you have to provide 2 C functions, as you can see below:
external lots_of_params: p1:int -> p2:int -> p3:int ->
p4:int -> p5:int -> p6:int -> p7:int -> unit
= "lotprm_bytecode"
"lotprm_native"
CAMLprim value
lotprm_native( value p1, value p2, value p3,
value p4, value p5, value p6, value p7 )
{
printf("1(%d) 2(%d) 3(%d) 4(%d) 5(%d) 6(%d) 7(%d)\n",
Int_val(p1), Int_val(p2), Int_val(p3),
Int_val(p4), Int_val(p5), Int_val(p6), Int_val(p7) );
return Val_unit;
}
CAMLprim value
lotprm_bytecode( value * argv, int argn )
{
return lotprm_native( argv[0], argv[1], argv[2],
argv[3], argv[4], argv[5], argv[6] );
}
And as you can see the function that will be called in bytecode
compiled programs have a different prototype.
Then in the bytecode function, the common and easiest solution
is to call the native one.
And another detail for those functions when you need to protect the values from
the garbage collector, the macros CAMLparamN() exist only for
N from 1 to 5.
Then put the 5 first parameters in CAMLparam5(), and use additional
CAMLxparamN()
macros which exist too with N from 1 to 5.
So for example if you have 13 parameters, use one CAMLparam5(), one
CAMLxparam5() and one CAMLxparam3().
You have to use only one macro without the "x" in the middle, and you can
use as many of the one with the "x".
Here is the same function with these macros:
CAMLprim value
lotprm_native( value p1, value p2, value p3,
value p4, value p5, value p6, value p7 )
{
CAMLparam5(p1, p2, p3, p4, p5);
CAMLxparam2(p6, p7);
printf("1(%d) 2(%d) 3(%d) 4(%d) 5(%d) 6(%d) 7(%d)\n",
Int_val(p1), Int_val(p2), Int_val(p3),
Int_val(p4), Int_val(p5), Int_val(p6), Int_val(p7) );
CAMLreturn(Val_unit);
}
CAMLprim value
lotprm_bytecode( value * argv, int argn )
{
return lotprm_native( argv[0], argv[1], argv[2],
argv[3], argv[4], argv[5], argv[6] );
}
Raising Exceptions
Raising the predefined exceptions of OCaml is very easy.
For example for raising the Invalid_argument exception,
the C function is:
caml_invalid_argument("Error message");
And to raise an exception Failure:
caml_failwith("Error message");
The header file to include when using these functions is:
#include <caml/fail.h>
Pointers to C structures
Often C libraries use types defined from structures or pointers
to structures. OCaml can safely handle pointers to memory allocated areas.
To achieve this task, the simpler method used in the past was to cast the
pointers to and from the type
(value) which is called "naked
pointers".
As explained in the
Chapter 20 of the manual (Interfacing C with OCaml)
in section
20.2.3 - Pointers outside the heap:
"Starting with OCaml 4.11, this usage is deprecated
and will stop being supported in OCaml 5.00."
A simple method is to wrap these pointers with a native integer.
It is handy to provide convertion functions, usually called
Val_ctype() and CType_val(), as follow:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <caml/mlvalues.h>
#include <caml/alloc.h>
typedef struct _obj_st {
double d;
int i;
char c;
} obj_st;
static value Val_objst(obj_st * p)
{
return caml_copy_nativeint((intnat) p);
}
static obj_st * Objst_val(value v)
{
return (obj_st *) Nativeint_val(v);
}
CAMLprim value
wrapping_ptr_ml2c( value d, value i, value c )
{
obj_st * my_obj;
my_obj = malloc(sizeof(obj_st));
my_obj->d = Double_val(d);
my_obj->i = Int_val(i);
my_obj->c = Int_val(c);
return Val_objst(my_obj);
}
CAMLprim value
dump_ptr( value ml_ptr )
{
obj_st * my_obj;
my_obj = Objst_val(ml_ptr);
printf(" d: %g\n i: %d\n c: %c\n",
my_obj->d,
my_obj->i,
my_obj->c );
return Val_unit;
}
CAMLprim value
free_ptr( value ml_ptr )
{
obj_st * my_obj;
my_obj = Objst_val(ml_ptr);
free(my_obj);
return Val_unit;
}
Then this value can be hidden in an abstract type on the OCaml side:
type t
external abs_get: float -> int -> char -> t = "wrapping_ptr_ml2c"
external print_t: t -> unit = "dump_ptr"
external free_t: t -> unit = "free_ptr"
# let ty = abs_get 255.9 107 'K' in
print_t ty;
free_t ty;
;;
d: 255.9
i: 107
c: K
- : unit = ()
Another solution is to make an encapsulation of the pointer inside a block
with Abstract_tag.
The 2 functions Val_objst() and Objst_val() then become:
static value Val_objst(obj_st * p)
{
value v = caml_alloc(1, Abstract_tag);
*((obj_st **) Data_abstract_val(v)) = p;
return v;
}
static obj_st * Objst_val(value v)
{
return *((obj_st **) Data_abstract_val(v));
}
And if you want to use Objst_val() as an "l-value" (an element on left
in the C syntax), you can use a macro instead:
#define Objst_val(v) \
*((obj_st **) Data_abstract_val(v))
Custom Operations Structure
You can use the function caml_alloc_custom() to store datas
of a given size.
The size of this data is given as the second parameter of this function.
The first parameter is a custom_operations structure,
which can be used to provide functions associated with
this ocaml value.
In the example below no functions are associated, so the
custom_operations structure is filled with the default functions
(which are in fact defined as NULL in
<caml/custom.h>)
#include <caml/custom.h>
#include <string.h>
typedef struct _obj_st {
double d;
int i;
char c;
} obj_st;
static struct custom_operations objst_custom_ops = {
identifier: "obj_st handling",
finalize: custom_finalize_default,
compare: custom_compare_default,
hash: custom_hash_default,
serialize: custom_serialize_default,
deserialize: custom_deserialize_default
};
static value copy_obj( obj_st *some_obj )
{
CAMLparam0();
CAMLlocal1(v);
v = caml_alloc_custom( &objst_custom_ops, sizeof(obj_st), 0, 1);
memcpy( Data_custom_val(v), some_obj, sizeof(obj_st) );
CAMLreturn(v);
}
CAMLprim value
get_finalized_obj( value d, value i, value c )
{
CAMLparam3( d, i, c );
CAMLlocal1(ml_obj);
obj_st my_obj;
my_obj.d = Double_val(d);
my_obj.i = Int_val(i);
my_obj.c = Int_val(c);
ml_obj = copy_obj( &my_obj );
CAMLreturn(ml_obj);
}
CAMLprim value
access_obj( value v )
{
obj_st * my_obj;
my_obj = (obj_st *) Data_custom_val(v);
printf(" d: %g\n i: %d\n c: %c\n",
my_obj->d,
my_obj->i,
my_obj->c );
return Val_unit;
}
type obj
external new_obj: float -> int -> char -> obj = "get_finalized_obj"
external dump_obj: obj -> unit = "access_obj"
The values obtained by the function
new_abs won't need
an explicite free as in the previous paragraph
Pointers to C structures,
OCaml will finalise these values when the garbage collection will occur.
# let a = Array.init 20 (fun i -> new_obj (float i) i 'A') in
dump_obj a.(9);
;;
d: 9
i: 9
c: A
- : unit = ()
Custom Finalisation
Very often C structures contain allocated members, in such case
you have to use a custom finalisation function to free these members.
You can see this in the exemple below which is very close to the previous
example.
Here the member str of the C structure is allocated, and needs
to be freed in the custom finalisation function:
typedef struct _fobj {
double d;
int i;
char * str;
} fobj;
void finalize_fobj( value v )
{
fobj * my_obj;
my_obj = (fobj *) Data_custom_val(v);
free( my_obj->str );
puts("fobj freed done");
}
static struct custom_operations fobj_custom_ops = {
identifier: "fobj handling",
finalize: finalize_fobj,
compare: custom_compare_default,
hash: custom_hash_default,
serialize: custom_serialize_default,
deserialize: custom_deserialize_default
};
static value copy_fobj( fobj *some_obj )
{
CAMLparam0();
CAMLlocal1(v);
v = caml_alloc_custom( &fobj_custom_ops, sizeof(fobj), 0, 1);
memcpy( Data_custom_val(v), some_obj, sizeof(fobj) );
CAMLreturn(v);
}
CAMLprim value
get_finalized_fobj( value d, value i, value str )
{
CAMLparam3( d, i, str );
CAMLlocal1(ml_obj);
int len;
fobj my_obj;
my_obj.d = Double_val(d);
my_obj.i = Int_val(i);
len = caml_string_length(str) + 1;
my_obj.str = malloc( len * sizeof(char) );
memcpy( my_obj.str, String_val(str), len );
ml_obj = copy_fobj( &my_obj );
CAMLreturn(ml_obj);
}
CAMLprim value
access_fobj( value v )
{
fobj * my_obj;
my_obj = (fobj *) Data_custom_val(v);
printf(" d: %g\n i: %d\n str: %s\n",
my_obj->d,
my_obj->i,
my_obj->str );
return Val_unit;
}
type fobj
external new_fobj: float -> int -> string -> fobj = "get_finalized_fobj"
external dump_fobj: fobj -> unit = "access_fobj"
You can see when values are finalised with the printf() message.
In the script below calling Gc.full_major will produce the
finalisation:
let () =
begin
let f i = new_fobj (float i) i (String.make i '.') in
let a = Array.init 20 f in
dump_fobj a.(9);
end;
Gc.full_major ();
print_endline "end test";
;;
Variants with arguments
Now the case of variants with parameters, as in this example:
type pvar =
| P0_a
| P1_a of int
| P2_a of int * int
| P0_b
| P1_b of int
| P2_b of int * int
external handle_pvar: pvar -> unit = "param_variant"
OCaml values seen from on the C side, can be divised in two cathegories,
longs and blocks. Booleans, characters, integers, and in the present case
scalar variants are represented as a C long. Other types are blocks.
It is possible to test from which cathegory belongs a value with these macros:
Is_long(v)
Is_block(v)
So you can use these to test if a variant is a scalar, or if it has parameters.
CAMLprim value
param_variant( value v )
{
if (Is_long(v))
{
switch (Int_val(v))
{
case 0: printf("P0_a\n"); break;
case 1: printf("P0_b\n"); break;
default: caml_failwith("variant handling bug");
}
}
else // (Is_block(v))
{
switch (Tag_val(v))
{
case 0: printf("P1_a(%d)\n", Int_val(Field(v,0)) ); break;
case 1: printf("P2_a(%d, %d)\n", Int_val(Field(v,0)), Int_val(Field(v,1)) ); break;
case 2: printf("P1_b(%d)\n", Int_val(Field(v,0)) ); break;
case 3: printf("P2_b(%d, %d)\n", Int_val(Field(v,0)), Int_val(Field(v,1)) ); break;
default: caml_failwith("variant handling bug");
}
}
return Val_unit;
}
Here you can notice that the constructor of variants with arguments can
be handled with the macro Tag_val(v). Also be careful with
the numbers to switch on, scalars and blocks are numbered separately as
you can see in this example.
#load "funs.cma" ;;
open Funs ;;
let () =
handle_pvar (P0_a);
handle_pvar (P0_b);
handle_pvar (P1_a(21));
handle_pvar (P1_b(27));
handle_pvar (P2_a(30, 34));
handle_pvar (P2_b(70, 74));
;;
The type 'a option
The type 'a option is defined like this in the ocaml
standard library:
type 'a option =
| None
| Some of 'a
This is a variant with one argument (as seen in the previous section).
Here is for reference the code I'm using to return a value from C
to the OCaml side, wrapped inside a Some constructor:
#define Val_none Val_int(0)
static value
Val_some( value v )
{
CAMLparam1( v );
CAMLlocal1( some );
some = caml_alloc(1, 0);
Store_field( some, 0, v );
CAMLreturn( some );
}
and an example function to test it:
CAMLprim value
rand_int_option( value unit )
{
int d = random() % 4;
if (d)
return Val_some( Val_int(d) );
else
return Val_none;
}
external rand_int: unit -> int option = "rand_int_option"
# Array.init 10 (fun _ -> rand_int()) ;;
[|Some 3; None; Some 1; None; Some 3; Some 3; Some 2; None; None; Some 3|]
and in the opposite way:
external say: string option -> unit = "maybe_say"
#define Some_val(v) Field(v,0)
CAMLprim value
maybe_say( value speech )
{
if (speech == Val_none)
printf("Nothing\n");
else
printf("Something: %s\n", String_val(Some_val(speech)) );
return Val_unit;
}
# say None ;;
Nothing
- : unit = ()
# say (Some "Camelus bactrianus") ;;
Something: Camelus bactrianus
- : unit = ()
Now recent versions of OCaml provide these macros in the header of the FFI API
(since version 4.12.0).
#define Some_val(v) Field(v, 0) is now defined in <caml/mlvalues.h>.
And these headers can now be found with an ocaml installed with opam in
~/.opam/4.12.0/lib/ocaml/caml.
If you want to keep some backward compatibility, you can put these macro inside a cpp if
which checks the ocaml version:
#if OCAML_VERSION < 41200
#define Val_none Val_int(0)
#define Some_val(v) Field(v,0)
static value
Val_some(value v)
{
CAMLparam1(v);
CAMLlocal1(some);
some = caml_alloc(1, 0);
Store_field(some, 0, v);
CAMLreturn(some);
}
#else
#define Val_some caml_alloc_some
#endif
In the header file "caml/mlvalues.h"
of ocaml version 4.11.1, there are these defines:
#define Is_block(x) (((x) & 1) == 0)
#define Is_long(x) (((x) & 1) != 0)
So we may define Is_Some() and Is_None()
macros like:
#define Is_Some(x) (((x) & 1) != 1)
#define Is_None(x) (((x) & 1) == 1)
Now, since 4.12.0 there are the macros behind defined in
"caml/mlvalues.h":
/* Option constructors */
#define Val_none Val_int(0)
#define Some_val(v) Field(v, 0)
#define Tag_some 0
#define Is_none(v) ((v) == Val_none)
#define Is_some(v) Is_block(v)
Optional labeled parameter
In a very close way, you can put optional parameters using labels:
external say_lbl: ?speech:string -> unit -> unit = "maybe_say_label"
Note that here the type is string and not
string option,
and that from the C side it is seen as a string option.
CAMLprim value
maybe_say_label( value speech, value unit )
{
if (speech == Val_none)
printf("Nothing\n");
else
printf("Something: %s\n", String_val(Some_val(speech)) );
return Val_unit;
}
You will then often need to add a unit parameter at the end of the parameters
list, which also need to be added in the C function even if it is not used.
# say_lbl () ;;
Nothing
- : unit = ()
# say_lbl ~speech:"le chameau songeur" () ;;
Something: le chameau songeur
- : unit = ()
Polymorphic Variants
type plm_var = [
| `plm_A
| `plm_B
| `plm_C
]
external plm_variant: plm_var -> unit = "polymorphic_variant"
The C representation of a polymorphic variant can by retrieved
with a function that computes its hash value:
CAMLprim value
polymorphic_variant( value v )
{
if (v == caml_hash_variant("plm_A")) puts("polymorphic variant A");
if (v == caml_hash_variant("plm_B")) puts("polymorphic variant B");
if (v == caml_hash_variant("plm_C")) puts("polymorphic variant C");
return Val_unit;
}
let () =
plm_variant `plm_A;
plm_variant `plm_B;
plm_variant `plm_C;
;;
If performance is an issue, instead of make a call to
caml_hash_variant()
each time, what you can do is to get its result for each variant, and create
constants which you use in a switch:
#include <caml/mlvalues.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("#define MLVAR_plm_A (%d)\n", caml_hash_variant("plm_A") );
printf("#define MLVAR_plm_B (%d)\n", caml_hash_variant("plm_B") );
printf("#define MLVAR_plm_C (%d)\n", caml_hash_variant("plm_C") );
return 0;
}
Which you can compile with:
> empty.ml
ocamlc -o empty.o -output-obj empty.ml
ocamlc -c variant.c
gcc -o variant.exe variant.o empty.o -L"`ocamlc -where`" -lcamlrun -lm -lcurses
./variant.exe will output this result:
#define MLVAR_plm_A (-1993467801)
#define MLVAR_plm_B (-1993467799)
#define MLVAR_plm_C (-1993467797)
Which you can then include at the beginning of your C code,
then you can replace the previous function polymorphic_variant() by:
CAMLprim value
polymorphic_variant( value v )
{
switch (v)
{
case MLVAR_plm_A: puts("polymorphic variant A"); break;
case MLVAR_plm_C: puts("polymorphic variant B"); break;
case MLVAR_plm_D: puts("polymorphic variant C"); break;
default:
caml_failwith("unrecognised polymorphic variant");
}
return Val_unit;
}
And another way to get the same defines:
CAMLprim value
print_polymorphic_variant_val( value v )
{
printf("%d", (long) v );
fflush(stdout);
return Val_unit;
}
external pmvar_print_i: pmvar -> unit = "print_polymorphic_variant_val"
let () =
let p = Printf.printf in
p "#define MLVAR_plm_A \t %!"; (pmvar_print_i `plm_A); p "\n%!";
p "#define MLVAR_plm_B \t %!"; (pmvar_print_i `plm_B); p "\n%!";
p "#define MLVAR_plm_C \t %!"; (pmvar_print_i `plm_C); p "\n%!";
;;
Notice the flush of the stdout channels on the two sides after each
strings (in OCaml flush is achieved by "%!"),
this is because the stdout of OCaml and C are two different channels that
are not synchronised.
Backward-Forward compatibility
For backward and forward compatibility between different ocaml 4
versions, it's better to define CAML_NAME_SPACE,
before the <caml/_.h> includes:
#define CAML_NAME_SPACE
#include <caml/mlvalues.h>
Linking against a library
Now imagine that you want to use a C library in the C part,
let's say a fictitious library called "MyLib", which is compiled
in C programs this way:
cc -o my_prog -L/lib/path -lMyLib my_prog.c
In this case the argument -lMyLib will have to be
inserted while compiling the module, as shown below:
dllwrap_stubs.so: wrap.o
ocamlmklib -o wrap_stubs $< \
-L/lib/path -lMyLib
funs.cmxa: funs.cmx dllwrap_stubs.so
ocamlopt -a -o $@ $< -cclib -lwrap_stubs \
-ccopt -L/lib/path \
-cclib -lMyLib
funs.cma: funs.cmo dllwrap_stubs.so
ocamlc -a -o $@ $< -dllib -lwrap_stubs \
-ccopt -L/lib/path \
-cclib -lMyLib
For the native code module, the directives have to be preceded
by -cclib for the linker, and -ccopt for
the compiler and linker.
Note the use of -dllib for ocamlc.
Call Caml functions from C
To call caml functions from C, you have to give a string that identifies
each caml functions with Callback.register.
You can then retrieve this caml function from C with
caml_named_value("ID").
And you can cache the call to caml_named_value(),
as you can see in the C code below, with a static variable.
But you still have to test if it is equal to NULL in case
the caml garbage collector has freed it.
let print_hello () =
print_endline "Hello World";
;;
let () =
Callback.register "hello-callback" print_hello;
;;
#include <caml/callback.h>
void hello_closure()
{
static const value * closure_f = NULL;
if (closure_f == NULL) {
closure_f = caml_named_value("hello-callback");
}
caml_callback(*closure_f, Val_unit);
}
Start-up from C
If you want to make your main program from C, which will
call caml parts, you can do it as below,
file "ml_part.ml":
let print_hello () =
print_endline "Hello World";
;;
let () =
Callback.register "Hello callback" print_hello;
;;
file "main.c":
#include <caml/mlvalues.h>
#include <caml/callback.h>
void hello_closure()
{
static value * closure_f = NULL;
if (closure_f == NULL) {
closure_f = caml_named_value("Hello callback");
}
caml_callback(*closure_f, Val_unit);
}
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
caml_main(argv);
hello_closure();
return 0;
}
In the main function the first instruction have to be
caml_main(argv) in order to init the caml part of the program.
All the caml instructions at the root level (for exemple
print_endline "something" ;;, and everything defined under
let () = (* code *) ;;)
will be evaluated and executed at this moment.
Compilation:
ocamlopt -output-obj ml_part.ml -o ml_part_obj.o
gcc -c main.c -I"`ocamlc -where`"
gcc -o prog.opt \
main.o ml_part_obj.o \
-L"`ocamlc -where`" \
-lm -ldl -lasmrun
The last line mentions the -lm and -ldl libraries,
as can be found by:
grep NATIVECCLIBS "`ocamlc -where`/Makefile.config"
So for portability issue with your Makefile,
it is possible to replace the two arguments -lm -ldl
by the variable $(NATIVECCLIBS).
To achieve this you just need to include the
file `ocamlc -where`/Makefile.config as below:
OCAML_DIR = $(shell ocamlc -where)
-include $(OCAML_DIR)/Makefile.config
prog.opt: main.o ml_part_obj.o
gcc -o $@ $^ \
-L"$(OCAML_DIR)" \
$(NATIVECCLIBS) -lasmrun
If argv is not accessible in your code, you may
eventually replace it like that:
char *caml_argv[] = { NULL };
caml_main(caml_argv);
Mixing with C++
Contents of file mymod_stubs.cc:
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
extern "C" {
#include <caml/memory.h>
#include <caml/mlvalues.h>
}
extern "C" value my_hello_cc (value v_str) {
CAMLparam1 (v_str);
std::cout << "Hello " << String_val(v_str) << "!\n";
CAMLreturn (Val_unit);
}
Contents of file mymod.ml:
external my_hello: string -> unit = "my_hello_cc"
Contents of file caller.ml:
let _ =
Mymod.my_hello "Blue Camel";
;;
compile to native code with:
g++ -o mymod_stubs.o -I`ocamlc -where` -c mymod_stubs.cc
ocamlopt -c mymod.ml
ocamlmklib -o mymod mymod_stubs.o
ocamlmklib -o mymod mymod.cmx
ocamlopt -I . -cclib -lstdc++ mymod.cmxa caller.ml -o caller.opt
then call it:
% ./caller.opt
Hello Blue Camel!
now the compilation for bytecode:
g++ -o mymod_stubs.o -I`ocamlc -where` -c mymod_stubs.cc
ocamlc -c mymod.ml
ocamlmklib -o mymod -lstdc++ mymod_stubs.o
ocamlmklib -o mymod mymod.cmo
ocamlc -I . mymod.cma caller.ml -o caller.byte
then call it:
% ocaml mymod.cma caller.ml
Hello Blue Camel!
% ocamlrun -I . caller.byte
Hello Blue Camel!
MS Windows
Here is below a non-exhaustive list of differences between a Linux
environment and a Cygwin/MingW environment with protz's OCaml:
-
the C stub will have the
.dll filename extension
instead of .so
-
ocamlc -where
returns
C:\OCaml\lib
but Cygwin needs file separators to be like
C:/OCaml/lib
-
no need to add a
.exe file extension,
the compiler will transparently do this for us
-
using protz's ocaml we can define the C compiler as:
export CC="/bin/i686-w64-mingw32-gcc"
because protz's ocaml uses
MingW's toolchain.
Conclusion, going further
Version of this document
2024-09-24.a
License
© 2007-2024 Florent Monnier
You can use this document according to the terms of either one of
these licenses:
GNU/FDL license:
http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.html
or
CC-by-sa license:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
Which means basically that you can redistribute this document with or without
modifications, as long as you keep the copyright and the license.
Thanks to Eric Norige, for corrections of the English.
This document has been modified after Eric Norige corrected the English,
please write to me for other corrections.
